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Dong Zhongshu created a solid merger of the Confucian view of society and the structure of an empire with the widespread theory of Yin and Yang and the Five Agents that was very prevalent during the Han period. His proposal that Confucianism become the unifying ideology of the Han empire was put into effect, as were his proposals to set up an imperial college (taixue) for training promising students and to require nobles and governors to recommend annually persons of talent and good moral character for official appointment. '''Dong Zhongshu''' ( ; 179–104 BC ) was a Han Dynasty Chinese scholar. That includes a centralized political system, a nationwide and dominant ideology, and well-established laws and moral standards. UofT Libraries is getting a new library services platform in January 2021. Dong’s Chunqiu fanlu (“Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals”) is one of the most important philosophical works of the Han period. Out of these institutional means developed the civil service examinations that became the basis of recruitment into the bureaucracy, guaranteeing that men of humble birth and high ability might rise to positions of power and influence. Dong Zhongshu’s Life And Reputation" published on 01 Jan 2011 by Brill. Have we perhaps missed some- was een Chinees geleerde en adviseur van de Han-keizer Han Wudi. Hence, Dong Zhongshu had been teaching in the imperial academy of the Han Dynasty, and assigned to be prime minister of some kings. Online event. Omissions? [1] Ultimately banished to the Chancellery of … Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Dong Zhongshu (179 BC — 104 BC), or Dong Zi, developed ancient Confucianism, based on theories of other philosophical schools and knowledge of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. 20. Hij was afkomstig uit Guangchuan in de hedendaagse provincie Hebei . Confucianism and It’s Remarkable Philosophers, Confucius the Great Educator and Founder of Confucianism, Controversial Confucianism Philosopher Xun Zi and His Famous Legalism Students, Zhu Xi the Remarkable Reformer of Confucianism, An Almighty General and the Founder of School of Mind — Wang Yangming, Brief, Comprehensive Introduction to Chinese History, Famous, Influential Figures in the History of China, Schools and History of Ancient Chinese Philosophy, History, Belief, and Essence of Taoism Ideology, Chinese Astrology — Three Enclosures, Four Symbols, Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions, Chivalrous, Mysterious Mohism and It’s Advanced Technology, History and Development of Legalism in Chinese History, Fun Facts about Chinese Culture and History, Dong Zhongshu — A Remarkable Contributor of Confucianism in Chinese Culture, Presenting the Reformed Confucianism to the Emperor. 198 to ca. Dong Zhongshu by Wei, Zhengtong, 1986, Dong da tu shu gong si, Zong jing xiao San min shu ju edition, in Chinese - 880-03 Chu ban. 19, No. As productive as he is learned, the modern era's preeminent expert in the Han dynasty has published yet another book, to the … Dong Zhongshu, a "Confucian" Heritage and the Chunqiu fanlu. Dong Zhongshu is generally remembered as the author of a detailed system of correspondences in which everything was correlated to one of the five fundamental forces, so that everything could be shown to be interrelated in an orderly and comprehensible manner. Han … On the basis of these principles he created a ritual that should seek and stop the rain, and he attempted to interpret historical and contemporary anomalies and catastro… Public group? Dong Zhongshu (179 BC — 104 BC), respected as Dong Zi or Dong Fuzi, was an accomplished philosopher, educator, and politician. His new ideology that included Grand Unification, Divine Right of Kings and Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind, was accepted and then promoted as the dominant ideology by his … Daoist and legalist … Dong Zhongshu had absorbed many ideas from other philosophical schools, such as Taoism, Yin-Yang and Five Elements theory, and Legalism, and developed the Confucianism into an ideology that was more appreciated and suitable for the ruling class of a strong, unified feudal empire. and Jonathan Edwards differed widely in their religious beliefs and practices, but few people would deny that all three were Christians. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Tian, (Chinese: “heaven” or “sky”) in indigenous Chinese religion, the supreme power reigning...…. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Dong Zhongshu proposed a theory of the interaction between humans and heaven that demonstrated that the emperor was appointed by heaven. 198 to ca. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Dong Zhongshu (Chinese: 董仲舒; Wade–Giles: Tung Chung-shu; 179 – 104 BC) was a Han Dynasty Chinese scholar. He presented his ideas and suggested to nominate his reformed Confucianism as the dominant ideology of the empire, which was highly appreciated and strictly implemented by the emperor. According to Dong, Confucius understood the relationship between man and nature and, therefore, the way to interpret portents and omens. Intellectual developments of the Western Han dynasty (202 BCE – 9 CE) have been studied hitherto on the assumptions that a system described as ‘Confucianism’ acquired paramount importance and that Dong Zhongshu (ca. This event has passed. Because of his exceptional knowledge and reputation, Dong Zhongshu had been well respected by almost everyone, from those kings that he served, to his students. He apparently favored heaven worship over the tradition of cults celebrating the five elements. He reformed Confucianism, by absorbing ideas from other philosophical schools, into an ideology that suited the development of the Han Dynasty . Etiquette (Li), Music (Yue), Archery (She), Equestrianism (Yu), Calligraphy (Shu), and Mathematics (Shu). 107 BCE) had been responsible for formulating its principles. Confucian scholars, however, are given an equal if less obvious power. Powerful clans should be limited by the central government, so the gap between rich and poor would be decreased. It is they who interpret the portents and thus exercise a check on the policies of the ruler. abdicate in obedience to Heaven. Born into a noble and rich family, Dong Zhongshu read many books and received the best education. Confucianism was first set up by Confucius (551–479BC) and later was developed by philosophers, including Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Wang Yangming and others. He apparently favored heaven worship over the tradition of cults celebrating the five elements. Dong Zhongshu. Dong Zhongshu and the establishment of Han Confucianism 83 Classical Learning: controversies and debates 86 The Confucian dimension of ‘Mysterious Learning’ 89 The emergence of Neo-Confucianism 96 Five masters of early Neo-Confucianism 98 Zhu Xi and his systematic Confucianism 105 The Idealistic School: Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Shouren 109 He was an expert in the Gongyang commentary of the Confucian classic … Confucianism was then recognized as the Han state cult (introducing religious elements and sacrifices to Confucius), and the Five Classics became the core of education. Dong Zhongshu, probably the most influential Confucian scholar of the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), laid an institutional basis for the Confucian orthodoxy and for the recruitment of able scholars as government officials through the examination system. Therefore, the government should establish a national college that only teaches the Six Arts of Confucianism, and then select officials among excellent students of this school. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. DONG ZHONGSHU (c. 179 – c. 104 BCE). The ruler has the duty to preserve that harmony. Dong Zhongshu (Chinese: 董仲舒; Wade–Giles: Tung Chung-shu; 179–104 BC) was a Han Dynasty Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer. Natural phenomena are reflections of humans, especially the monarch’s, behaviors; that is how heaven shows the will and judgment. As a chief minister to the emperor Wu (c. 140–87) of the Han dynasty, Dong was chiefly responsible for the dismissal of all non-Confucian scholars from government. Details. He is traditionally associated with the promotion of Confucianism as the official ideology of the Chinese imperial state. Learn more about the change. Dong’s reinterpretation of Confucianism The emperor is heaven’s ambassador on earth, and natural catastrophes such as floods and droughts are heaven’s way of warning the emperor to examine his personal conduct and correct his mistakes. When he was 30, he was already a famous, knowledgeable intellectual who had attracted many students. Dong Zhongshu (179-104 v.Chr.) Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2011. xii, 369 pp. 107 BCE) had been responsible for formulating its principles. According to Shiji, Dong in his early years was interested in the principles operating within the forces of yin and yang. Therefore, if emperors failed to do a good job, they would be alerted by heaven through unpleasant natural phenomena. Dong Zhongshu then was assigned to some other political positions, but he resigned a few years later. Most significantly, he transformed Confucianism by com- bining traditional moral teachings with metaphysical beliefs. He must prevent disturbances by caring for and educating his people. In challenging these assumptions, this book examines Dong career and reputation, … Hardcover $183.00, isbn 978-90-04-19465-6. Ultimately banished to the Chancellery of Weifang by his adversary Gongsun Hong, Gongsun effectively promoted Do… And, as with his previous books, it will be required reading, for scholars who wish to pursue further research on Dong Zhongshu. 198 to ca. Brill China Studies, vol. Dong Zhongshu (179 BC — 104 BC), respected as Dong Zi or Dong Fuzi, was an accomplished philosopher, educator, and politician. Wednesday, January 20, 2021 8:00 PM to 9:00 PM EST. philosopher emperor jing of han When he was a doctor, he taught "RAM spring and Autumn". Corrections? Benevolence cultivation is an essential aspect of a stable society, in which law and strict penalties should only serve as supplementary means in governance. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dong-Zhongshu, ChinaKnowledge.de - Biography of Dong Zhongshu. Baggy, imprecise terms like "Christianity" and "Con- Mencius, Xunzi, and others sustained Confucianism after Confucius, but it was not influential until Dong Zhongshu emerged in the 2nd century BCE. But in his memorials, Dong never actually mentions the Five Forces. Intellectual developments of the Western Han dynasty (202 BCE 9 CE) have been studied hitherto on the assumptions that a system described as Confucianism acquired paramount importance and that Dong Zhongshu (ca. Dong Zhongshu (179 BC - 104 years ago), Guang Chuan (Hebei Jingxian County southwest, Jingxian County, Gucheng, Zaoqiang three counties junction) people, the Western Han Dynasty. If they didn’t improve and change after seeing those signs, they would lose their crown in the end. Updates? First, the hundreds of schools of thought during the Spring and China Review International: Vol. As an excellent master, many of his students became influential and accomplished people. This was a turning point of Chinese philosophy, since when the Confucianism had been respected as the dominant ideology for the next 2000 years in history. Dong Zhongshu’s Cyclical Theory of History • This cyclical philosophy of history = tremendous influence in the Han dynasty (206 B.C. Likewise, it seems to me, the label "Confucian" fits comfortably on figures as different as Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi, and Kang Youwei. In it, Dong interpreted the Confucian Classic “Spring and Autumn Annals” (Chunqiu), a chronicle of the events in Confucius’s native state of Lu between 722 bce and 481 bce, purportedly edited by Confucius. In keeping with his earlier publications, Loewe's Dong Zhongshu, a “Confucian” Heritage and the Chunqiu Fanlu is remarkably comprehensive, offering a broad‐ranging treatment of the various issues surrounding Dong's life and work. As a philosopher, Dong made the theory of the interaction between heaven (tian) and humanity (ren) his central theme. What is more, Sui explicitly invoked the authority of Dong Zhongshu in making his claim. Also, Dong Zhongshu conforms with Confucian beliefs that a ruler and subject must be in a beneficial relationship, with the subject and ruler both respecting each other and working as a united whole (Doc #5). During his retired period, the emperor frequently consulted for his opinions on important events and showed him great respect and trust. Hi Ubermenschen, After a fun 6 months of reading A History of Western Philosophy during COVID, lets now try our hand at Eastern Philosophy. He is traditionally associated with the promotion of Confucianism as … It was the fateful synthesis of Confucianism with Taoist cosmology during the Han dynasty by Dong Zhongshu (179-104 B.C.E.) Dong Zhongshu, a 'Confucian' Heritage and the Chunqiu Fanlu book. Therefore, Emperor Wudi of Han, in the year 134 BC, changed the official ideology from Taoism to Confucianism, under the suggestion of Dong Zhongshu. Dragon Jade Pendant of the Han Dynasty, Unearthed From Tomb of King of Chu — Xuzhou Museum (Photo by Dongmaiying). As a philosopher, Dong merged the Confucian and Yinyang schools of thought. Dong Zhongshu was one of the most important intellectual figures of the early imperial era. 2, 2012 Michael Loewe. As a philosopher, Dong made the theory of the interaction between heaven ( tian) and humanity ( ren) his central theme. Confucianism is the best ideology for the Han Empire. Mandate: Dong Zhongshu’s Rhetoric of the Way (Dao) Yichun Liu and Xiaoye You Studies of Confucian rhetoric in the West have largely focused on Confucian figures in pre-imperial China.1 The reasons for the en-during interest in this historical period, we suggest, are mainly two-fold. led to the gender … Dong Zhongshu, Wade-Giles romanization Tung Chung-shu, (born c. 179, Guangchuan, China—died c. 104 bce, China), scholar instrumental in establishing Confucianism in 136 bce as the state cult of China and as the basis of official political philosophy—a position it was to hold for 2,000 years. 107 BCE) had been responsible for formulating its principles. Dong Zhongshu (179-104 v.Chr.) Dong Zhongshu, a 'Confucian' Heritage and the Chunqiu Fanlu Michael Loewe Intellectual developments of the Western Han dynasty (202 BCE 9 CE) have been studied hitherto on the assumptions that a system described as Confucianism acquired paramount importance and that Dong Zhongshu (ca. The Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) written by Sima Qian around 100 bce contains a biography of Dong Zhongshu, the earliest and most reliable source about his life and thought. Hosted by Ryan. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Confucianism: Dong Zhongshu: The Confucian visionary. Dong Zhongshu was een aanhanger van het confucianisme en zag in het confucianisme een middel om de unificatie van China en gehoorzaamheid aan de keizer te bewerkstelligen. Portrait of Great Philosopher Dong Zhongshu. after Dong Zhongshu, Sui Hong BLS, did indeed be-lieve that the Han mandate had been terminated, a belief that led him to demand that Emperor Zhao Bt (r. 87-74 B.C.) Dong felt that Confucius not only recorded events in such a way as to exercise judgment upon them but also laid down the rules to be used in governing future dynasties. Besides caring about politics, Dong Zhongshu mostly focused on teaching and writing, until he passed away old and sick. He reformed Confucianism, by absorbing ideas from other philosophical schools, into an ideology that suited the development of the Han Dynasty. In Dong’s system the ruler has the central position—undoubtedly one of the major reasons that Confucianism was accepted by Emperor Wu. He is traditionally associated with the promotion of Confucianism as the official ideology of the Chinese imperial state. Reading Philosophy. Debris (Xi Ping Shi Jing) of Official Confucianism Classics Carved on Stone (175 — 183) — National Museum of China (Photo by Ayelie). Six Arts (Liu Yi) — Etiquette (Li), Music (Yue), Archery (She), Equestrianism (Yu), Calligraphy (Shu), and Mathematics (Shu). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Dong Zhongshu and Ge Hong - Eclecticism (GMEIT 16/36) Ryan. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He may reform institutions when necessary but may never alter or destroy the basic moral principles of heaven. The Zhou belief in the mandate of heaven (the functional equivalent of the will of the Lord on High) differed from the divine right of kings in that there was no guarantee that the descendants of the Zhou royal house would be entrusted with kingship, for, as written in the Shujing (“Classic of History”), “heaven sees as the people see [and] hears as the people hear”; thus, the virtues of … In the year 134 BC, when Emperor Wudi of Han commanded to collect advanced governance ideologies, Dong Zhongshu was recommended by many officials. COVID-19: Updates on library services and operations. The emperor is heaven’s ambassador on earth, and natural catastrophes such as floods and droughts are heaven’s way of warning the emperor to examine his personal conduct and correct his mistakes. "Chapter Two. Great Unity is the foundation of the stability of a huge empire. That way, civilians’ well being could be better protected. 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