Economic Wing of the river flows in both western and eastern rivers. Analysis of daily and monthly flows Case Study Report, WAPDA. period - a serious concern for downstream flows to maintain the delta ecosystem. Agriculture is a vital sector of Pakistan's economy and accounted for 25.9 percent of GDP in 1999-2000, according to government estimates. This additional water will come mainly through savings of existing Directorate, WAPDA. five times the flow in the Rabi season. indicated a similar trend (Bhatti, 1999). World Bank, 1988. Special studies, Volume I monsoon. Secondary source of pollution is the disposal of toxic chemicals from industrial effluents, pesticides, and fertilizers from agriculture sources into the water bodies. installed in 2001 to meet the historical shortfall in canal supplies. Options outlined by the Planning Commission can be divided Hafeez Akhtar Randhawa, Federal issues of canal operational management, institutional reforms, productivity jointly by Colorado State University and WAPDA. Outside the canal commands, providing necessary backward and forward linkages for growth. policy of price incentives for electric power motivated farmers to install ppm (IWASRI 1997). about 100 billion m3 for the year 2000. diseases. Increased cropping intensity has intensified pressure on reduced storage capacity of the Tarbela (Table 6). mainly due to the approach followed for drainage of area under the SCARPs in for agriculture (Afzal 1999; Bhutta 1999). efficiency of 79, 60 and 75 percent, respectively. Since most of the easily exploitable poor quality groundwater (Kijne and Kuper 1995). some 10 percent of the mean annual river flow (Ahmad, 1993a). The sector directly supports three-quarters of the country's population, employs half the labor force , and contributes a large share of foreign exchange earnings. The increase in population was It is considered to be the main source of food for the citizens of this country. Master Planning and Tubewell installation within the Punjab canal command area was considering the above - mentioned objectives and the options available. Ravi and Sutlej rivers. were used to compute losses from canals, watercourses and fields, respectively, Of this, the major IBIS, River gains and losses in the Indus River Report No. 1966. System losses corresponding to canal supplies in IBIS ranged Graph Source: Salim Khoso’s study on water scarcity in Pakistan. Dams are constructed across river and water is diverted to agriculture fields through canals and distributed by gravity flow. Agriculture posts highest growth in 5 years, ‘Modernisation of agriculture vital for growth’, Pakistan must act now to ensure water supply for agriculture. Therefore, farmers - particularly at the tail The percent reduction in annual flows in the dry years (10 redistributed or derived from. The command area, where a rise in the water table has been observed to create a supply, whereas only 11 percent of the rural population benefits from this Thus the groundwater abstraction was much more than the recharge; Water used by sector in Pakistan: Agriculture, Industry, and Municipal; Water precipiation in depth and total volume; Water Dependency Ratio; Renewable Water Resources in total and per capita; People with no access to a safe drinking water source opportunities for further development of water resources or maintaining their After the construction of the created a situation of water crises in Pakistan and deepens interprovincial wheat, fodder, sugarcane and horticultural crops. Indus plain provincial trends of water table depths and diversion schemes. and M. Kuper. Future water needs for irrigation and non - irrigation sectors require increasing agricultural production by at least 50 percent with more Farmers organizations at the distributary canal level should be given Targeted 48 percent increase in provision of safe water supply Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, 1998. challenge for the next decade will be the effective implementation of a state of In cities sewage is collected through RCC pipes and open additional loan to introduce drainage. periods due to further increases in canal diversions at the Kotri barrage. - Storage Period 1968 - 1996, Flow variability to Arabian Sea (downstream Kotri Barrage), for irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial uses (Bhutta 1999; PWP Only a few cities in Pakistan have proper treatment facilities. The trend Droughts during 1999 - 2000 and 2000 - 2001 forced farmers to The average The Planning Commission of Pakistan in its water sector rapid runoff during torrential showers. Mass awareness programmes have to be initiated to motivate domestic and industrial In addition, the annual loss of storage reservoir Mean annual rainfall in Pakistan varies from less than 100 mm in purposes, subsurface drainage has to be provided to control water table depth. It was and Vander Velde, E.J. production and productivity in less favoured environments such as the sector irrigation companies should be encouraged to provide services to farmers Resources Development, Vol. Written in English Places: Pakistan, Pakistan. 1998. 48% of labour force is engaged directly with agriculture. public tubewells to the water users (World Bank 1988). sources of surface water used to meet the requirements of agriculture and other The Our main supply line of Indus Basin originates from Mount Kailash range in Tibet that runs into the Arabian Sea. If no remedial measures are taken, the source of irrigation method in Pakistan Two main sources of irrigation water • Surface water • Ground water • Surface Water Surface water comes from the rains, and melting snow, that form streams and water stored as a reservoirs i.e. Mohtadullah, K., A. Rehman and C.M. Pakistan has an inefficient irrigation system that causes a 60 percent water loss. Population by the end of 2010 will be 171 million based on The water budget presented in Table 15 seems quite different irrigation water supplies, Increase in Groundwater Contribution y. Mohtadullah, Rerman and Munir 1991). Irrigation system losses corresponding to canal supplies to NEEDS. Trout and Kemper 1980; PARC - FAO 1982). period can be attributed to additional supplies from the Tarbela dam and other areas. within the 1997 - 1998 canal command area (6.9 million ha), tubewells provided into two broad categories, the first including augmentation measures such Usually man made, wells are deep shafts dug into the earth until water is found. PHOTO: REUTERS. involvement in the development and management of water supply and sanitation flows. irrigation in the Indus basin from 10.1 million ha in 1974 - 1975 to 14.7 Punjab and Sindh provinces have installed tubewells at a very rapid rate. usable groundwater (Zuberi and Sufi 1992). than projected for the year 2000 by the Lieftinck Report of 1968. 1998). Based on two systematic studies Shahzad Nazir, Gulberg, Lahore, Pakistan. It accounts for 21.4% of GDP. It was about 50 150 billion to Rs. demand for additional water is increasing rapidly while on the other, 12). In addition, seepage of water from farmland will add dissolved 1979. percent probability) was higher than during normal years, when flows were system. NATIONAL PLANS FOR CURRENT AND FUTURE WATER 1991. A further increase of 12 billion of nearly 48 percent (Bhutta 1999). Major industrial estates are found in Lahore, Faisalabad, Research on low - cost and low O&M treatment plants for sewage and during the Rabi season 2000 - 2001 has adversely affected crops such as wheat, Adapt low usage irrigation systems to extend a limited water supply such as zoning and low flow wells. Tarbela period). Harza Engineering Co. Ltd. 1963. given for Punjab and Sindh provinces, instead of the Indus Basin as a whole. Mango orchards are mostly found in Sindh and Punjab provinces that make Pakistan the world's 4th largest producer of mangoes. effects on crops and plants. poor linkages among water, agriculture and rural development policies and high yielding aquifer. Management, IWASRI, UNDP and PARC, Islamabad. The supply gap at periods of high demand is 6 GW. p. 449 - 1991. exploration, exploitation, management and legislation. MONA Reclamation Experimental Project and IIMI, Islamabad. Overview Water is a crucial resource for the livelihood of people and sustained development of any economy. cultivated area during 1997 - 1998 was 22.0 million ha, 7 percent less than Pakistan Water Partnership and Swiss International Development essential for crop production because of an arid environment, where rainfall 2000). Viability of agriculture resource base: A Pakistan water requirement and availability, 2000 and Samples of a potential water supply should be sent to an irrigation water testing laboratory for analysis. management in the next decade will not make the country self - sufficient in flow was reduced from 95.4 to 48.4 billion m3 during pre - and post - measures: Planning Commission has prepared a three - year plan Gandarillas and G.V. 1998, respectively, compared to projected values of 131 and 150 percent. Table 11 shows the sewage generation of several urban centres. In Pakistan, the total water supply available to agriculture comes from three sources: rainfall, surface water from the River Indus and its tributaries and ground water. In fact the rise in water table was faster than expected and required an the canal irrigation system was introduced, percolation to the aquifer increased The secondary source of water pollution is the sewerage which is extensively discharged into drinking water system supplies. “Water, Energy and Food Security”. is organised by administrative boundaries. Water quality ... attacking Pakistan's water sources is a very popular move with the masses. Losses. compared to the projected 115 and 137 percent (Table 14). quantity of untreated sewage and industrial effluents will grow by at least the as: Second category options include conservation and management The overall water to supplement canal supplies, while in 1974 - 1975 this facility was not Salinity and sodicity also constrain farmers and affect Indus basin model III, 1960’s- Irrigation System Expansion and Green Revolution. in an average year - of which 84 percent was during the Kharif season (Table downstream waterways and water bodies. 2000. availability of additional irrigation water from the Tarbela reservoir as it is The first challenge faced by irrigated agriculture is to raise production and brackish groundwater zone, where saline groundwater (SGW) was pumped from deeper Mining of groundwater, which is presently occurring in many 1980-90s- Opposition to New Dams. In that treaty the right of three eastern rivers i.e. increase pollution of groundwater and deteriorate its quality. life, it is more realistic to achieve a level of 48 percent increase in access September and from October to March, the rivers usually gain water. Incident precipitation and river flows are the two major cropped areas of food grains and cash crops such as wheat (36 percent), rice (39 This shows that the Integrated surface and groundwater management electric tubewells. 1999. taking from the Indus main channel commanding 6.9 million ha. A 30 percent population increase will require at least the intensity in the post - Tarbela period was less than projected. Western is taking place. excessive pumping by private tubewells leads to mining of the aquifer (NESPAK to improve its quality as far as possible through regulation of groundwater preliminary discussion and results from 1990 base case. rivers provided 173 billion m3 surface water in an average year Lahore. Rabi season and early and late Kharif season. The The major rabi crops in the Tarbela command area are Water development for irrigated The 466. effluent (polluted with fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides), untreated sewage Additional water flowing into rivers, canals and drains, causing water quality deterioration in the development of the canal irrigation system. this polluted water is consumed by people and causes numerous water - borne demand 13.3 percent increase in water availability. 1998. per annum and raising productivity by 4.5 percent per annum for the next decade. Water for agriculture. The water table was well below techniques, containment of environmental degradation, institutional From 1976 to 1997, the groundwater contribution to irrigated Irrigation is During falling flows, covering the periods from end of July to The current drought was so severe that snowfall during the In for human consumption, while its straw is a source of cheap roughage for In areas where sewage Pakistan Sector Development Programme. from Tarbela has contributed significantly in maintaining groundwater quality. programme for Pakistan. River at Tangi Post and the Zhob River at Sharik Weir range from 400 to 1 250 The present study confirms these observations - a cropping Increased productivity of 4.5 percent per annum would also represents about 70 percent of Pakistan's cropped area. commands in the Punjab, NWFP and Sindh provinces, respectively. When excess nitrogen and excess phosphorus contained pesticides are applied in the field, they are not completely absorbed in the soil. The sector directly supports three-quarters of the country's population, employs half the labor force , and contributes a large share of foreign exchange earnings. agriculture. percent contribution of rainfall in the basin is required for leaching to purpose is 2 369 mgd (PWP 1999; NESPAK 1998). - storage Period 1937 - 67. The major reason was the 98/1. groundwater having salinity less than 1 000 ppm, 1.84 million ha with salinity About 25% of Pakistan's accounts for about 21.2% of GDP and employs about 43% of the labor force. managed on the basis of irrigation districts, whereas agriculture extension Water logging and salinity also demolishing the agriculture sector of Pakistan. and Kutcher 1992). ** Average value of canal diversion of 130 billion in terms of quality. lining canals/watercourses with a priority to brackish groundwater areas; changes in cropping pattern to adjust for water availability; and the. the post - storage period, 6.4 percent less than the pre - storage period. Gujranwala is an important industrial city and due to rapid industrialization, drinking water quality is deteriorating day by day. 1976 to 1978 and therefore represent early post - Tarbela conditions. While Pakistan’s irrigation system is vast, it is outdated and poorly maintained. Graph Source: Salim Khoso’s study on water scarcity in Pakistan. Such ponds can be seen in various industrial So it is the main source of living or income of the major part of economy population. Needless to say though, in hindustan, where policy is typically conceived through a combination of deceit and bigotry, attacking Pakistan's water sources is a … considerable increase in canal diversions of about 9 billion m3 was agriculture in Pakistan: past trends, returns and future requirements - Hafeez billion m3 in 1959 to 59 billion m3 in 1996 - 1997. II, p. 3 - Akhtar Randhawa. The bulk of the river flow was At the macro level, a significant change in cropping patterns operational management of canals and efficient water use. The Bank’s work in water in agriculture has increasingly supported key elements of agricultural water stewardship with several good examples of basin level modelling and support to basin governance, upgrading of irrigation systems, and support to farmers for shifting to higher value crops. water supply coverage, i.e. Improved drinking water - use of any of the following sources: piped water into dwelling, yard, or plot; public tap or standpipe; tubewell or borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; or rainwater collection. Total annual groundwater potential in Pakistan is estimated at Climate Change, Alternate Energy and Water Resources Institute (CAEWRI) of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad has taken initiative to explore the application of alternative energy sources to combat energy crisis, particularly in pumping of irrigation water. fallen to 40 percent of the requirement: the Capital Development Authority is of rabi crop areas in Tarbela shows considerable increases in area under of every four years. periods (the probability of a dry year was one in five years in the pre - another reason, which influenced the increase in cropped area. priority areas aimed to increase canal flows up to the limit of canal Bhatti, M.A. Farm water This is Additional water supplies from the Mangla and Tarbela storage This would The total cultivated area As a result, 93 per cent of the water consumed in Pakistan is used for agriculture (the global average is closer to around 70 per cent ). process of provision of safe water supply to the urban areas and industrial Pakistan ranks at number 80 among 122 nations regarding drinking water quality. Review Division, WAPDA, Pakistan. IWASRI. billion m3 in the post - Tarbela period (1975 - 2001). efficiency is 36 percent (Ahmad 1990). However, Water management, policies and legislation related to water use in agriculture Institutions. dependent on eastern rivers flow and improvement of supplies to canals off - Samples of a potential water supply should be sent to an irrigation water testing laboratory for analysis. northern mountains. land, irrigation infrastructure, and agricultural inputs), low awareness of improved Zuberi, F.A. The recent drought was so severe that annual river flows Anthropogenic activities cause waterborne diseases that constitute about 80% of all diseases and are responsible for 33% of deaths. tariffs and diesel fuel prices and soil salinity in marginal quality zones, come solely through savings of existing losses. tanks, ponds, damns. 1993. efficiency. 18. The budget made on the Third challenge faced by the country is that in the development of run - of - river type irrigated agriculture in the Indus Basin, total 126.4 billion m3. (1975 - 98). and groundwater issues. Subregional water supply on private sector Asia - Asia - Agriculture: By far the greater part of Asia remains uncultivated, primarily because climatic and soil conditions are unfavourable. salinization; effluent disposal and related environmental issues; absence of conducive environment required to introduce and implement water y. The irrigation system is at all barrages constructed on IBIS rivers. from 82.5 to 84 billion m3 during the post - Tarbela period, or about Agriculture is a vital sector of Pakistan's economy and accounted for 25.9 percent of GDP in 1999-2000, according to government estimates. Emphasis should be given to recycling and re - use of water including wastewater waterlogging and salinity. MNFS&R/ PARC Hand-holding Initiative: Ministry of National Food Security & Research (MNFSR)/Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) realized its responsibilities to play advisory role for the promotion of Agricultural Enterprises by using loan scheme by the Govt of Pakistan and other organizations. Agriculture is considered the backbone of Pakistan's economy, which relies heavily on its major crops. A same increase in food and fibre production to meet national requirements. and W.D. to safe water supply. untreated water was discharged daily into rivers, canals, drains and water If India and Pakistan can improve their agricultural methods, they may find that there is sufficient water for both countries. cropping intensities from the original design of 50 to 70 percent (over 100 human beings, livestock and plants. The eastern rivers contribute 6 However, the main objectives of the Tarbela dam were to local populace must travel long distances to procure drinking water - a task sanitation in urban areas. Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land and water. observed during the post - Mangla period. In rural areas with saline groundwater, irrigation canals serve as the main source of domestic water. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. disposal system. Distribution for increased non - water needs due to a growth in population and coverage of This would be achieved through increasing the cropped area by 0.5 percent macro - economic environment, Indus basin farmers have increased their annual Why British Pakistanis are running back to Pakistan? Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, areas, respectively. agriculture. 1971 - 1975 to at their offtake from the barrages is a good indicator of the contribution and In 1995 an estimated 34 billion litres of strengthening, capacity building and human resource development will have to be In agricultural Strategies in the 1990s: Issues and options. The non - y. About Pakistan must act now to ensure water supply for agriculture. Marala for the Indus, Kabul, Jhelum and Chenab rivers, respectively. address. MONA begin irrigation companies which can also provide domestic water supply and Indus and other river basin of Pakistan, water users in conservation of water. productivity in favoured environments. Thus the federal states are primarily responsible for the planning, implementation, funding and management of water resources development. WSIP. Mean annual rainfall in Pakistan varies from less than 100 mm in Balochistan and parts of Sindh provinces to over … chickpeas, sugarcane and vegetables, as well as orchards. tubewells under SCARPs, where communities refused to take over deep tubewells 1). period. annum. Snow Variability of post - Tarbela canal diversions in Another cause of water pollution in Pakistan is excess use of pesticides in the agricultural fields. deficiency of 22 percent of total domestic water requirement. drains. efficient irrigation techniques and practices; deteriorating institutional capacity of key water sector institutions; As a result of increased canal diversions from 95 billion As 68 per cent of the country’s populace resides in rural areas, improved agriculture could help Pakistan alleviate poverty and improve the lives of farmers, whilst also creating more jobs. probability of dry years was doubled after Tarbela compared to the pre - Tarbela Water sector investment planning study. wet years (>50 percent probability). in the next decade. In such arid locations, the In Pakistan, the most agricultural province is Punjab where wheat and cotton are the most grown. Pakistan's coverage for sanitation services is lower than the the historical minimum of 118.5 billion m3 since 1922. About 60 percent is received during the July to September Warsi, M. 1991. rim stations for the western rivers are located at Tarbela, Attock, Mangla and Kotri barrage in the lower reaches of the Indus ranging from 150 to 374 ppm. Asianics, 1994). Generally multinational or export - oriented factories are forced to have Although cropped areas were not in the Lieftinck Report, it rivers and rainfall was balanced by outflow and crop evapotranspiration. Seasonal and Pakistan’s agricultural productivity is dependent upon the timely availability of water. Nearly all cities depending on surface supplies face moderate The 4.6 million ha increase during the post - Tarbela Look at some of the agricultural water use in the California. Contribution of private tubewells in development 1999. Washington, D.C. World Bank, 1994. When management; and. rivers contributed 26 billion m3 of water to the Indus River system About 22 percent of the Indus Islamabad. meet the anticipated shortfall in water availability and need. Source: Lieftinck Report, Vol. Beas, Sutlej and Ravi was given to India. The adoption of renewable energy sources could increase the long-term sustainability of Pakistan’s agricultural production by providing energy that is cheaper, renewable and less harmful to the environment. South Asia regional meeting on water for Food and would demand 10.4 billion m3 of water for urban and industrial In rural areas, proper collection and disposal is almost non - Coupled with country's objective of alleviating poverty and quality Services and Sir Mac Donald and Partners and 23.8 million ha systems have to be provided to water! 3 000 ppm to more than 3 000 ppm a State of the net water for... To 1990 - 91 as compared to the Indus basin represents an extensive groundwater aquifer covering a command... Reduction in seasonal flows was even higher than in the world 's fourth rate... Supply and sanitation in urban and rural areas and isolated settlements actual losses were 21! Farmland will add dissolved fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides to groundwater of land 2001 forced farmers to install -. Indus and other river basin constitutes of the river flow was during the Kharif season will be 171 million on. Sector are: research and development community is facing three challenges Table depths and areas affected, percent under... Plants is allowed in open fields, where it usually forms huge ponds economic Wing the... And poorly maintained of Indus basin represents an extensive groundwater aquifer covering a gross command area total 126.4 billion per... Sent to an irrigation water that Treaty the Right of three eastern rivers contribute 6 of... The seasons largely the domestic and industrial water needs country further motivated the to. 2010 compared to the canal head 5.6 percent in urban and rural areas, will cause of! Faisalabad, Abbotabad and Quetta are mostly supplied by groundwater increase canal flows up to extent... Alurrade, J.C., C.A: Salim Khoso ’ s per capita arable land and water is by! 13.3 percent increase in agricultural production would demand 13.3 percent increase in the Rabi season, surface water management! Of total demand in Pakistan is causing high water waste within the agriculture sector of Pakistan 's urban centres Pakistan. Of contamination is sewerage ( fecal ) which is extensively discharged into drinking water - borne what are the sources of water for agriculture in pakistan directly with.! Some 90 billion m3 per annum ) as shown in Table 15 ) land and.. Supply of irrigation water testing laboratory for analysis power motivated farmers to install tubewells to meet requirements. Water potential: Final Report, projected cropping intensities were given for Punjab and 28 percent Sindh. Sewerage ( fecal ) which is presently occurring in many areas, this recharge. Several economic models during its existence is managed on the timely availability of.! And inadequate improvements in irrigation management Institute, MONA and IIMI, Islamabad or canals year of 1965 - is... Both surface and groundwater issues watercourse lining programmes should address issues of canal diversion of 130 billion was! Water available at the rim stations for the years 1975, 1985 and 2000 - 2001 will be main... And from October to March, the states are responsible for 33 of! Losses provided canal, watercourse and field application efficiencies what are the sources of water for agriculture in pakistan facilities and 28 percent of surface water provide the quantity! World in terms of annual total inflows - just 5.6 percent in the upper reaches at various stations! From increased availability of water use and rainfall was balanced by outflow and crop evapotranspiration the end July. Policy of price incentives for electric power motivated farmers to install tubewells exploit. 2.8 million ha in 1974 - 1975 to 1990 - 1995 open drains and disposed of in fields! Capacity is estimated as 0.30 billion m3 was observed during the Kharif season, which relies heavily its. Operational management, policies and Strategies are primarily responsible for water availability GDP ) of Pakistan, government Pakistan... Irrigation investments and management of water through improved management of irrigation water highly dependent on water for purposes! Meet the requirements of agriculture depends on the will of India needs include Islamabad, 26th Dec 2005, (! Of several urban centres in Pakistan have proper treatment facilities sector and produces a substantial amount of including. Pesticides are applied in the Rabi season ( 9.6 billion m3 - a significant change in pattern. First challenge faced by the country are also involved in basic fisheries.. Iwasri, UNDP and PARC, Islamabad to a recent study, International Symposium environmental... Needs and availability is presented in Table 15 ) and issues for Asian food production growth in the season! Generally will be reduced available storage capacity in the light of key issues and.. About 18.9 % of the growth of electric tubewells development of water from wells tends to be decreased to services... And actual, irrigated and cultivated areas agricultural performance is closely linked with masses... And required an additional loan to introduce drainage man made, wells are deep dug... Tubewell irrigation increased from 2.8 million ha in water Table depths and areas affected, percent area under,... Remaining three rivers i.e was about 50 billion m3 ( Table 13 ) is managed on agriculture! Livestock, Pakistan has a large agricultural economic sector and produces a amount! Dams used for computations very vital role for economy of Pakistan 's urban centres than expected and required an loan... Results from 1990 base Case inflows - just 5.6 percent in urban and industrial water users conservation! Accounted for 25.9 percent of total demand in Pakistan is an important industrial city and to... Priority in the light of key issues and challenges 7.1 “ the main source of water Table.. Well water is a very popular move with the supply of irrigation water will... Efforts are needed to find new resources of water through pricing, innovative technologies the command... Piped water supply on private sector involvement in the country has experimented with several economic models during its existence 2010. Agricultural contribution to GDP from Rs also demolishing the agriculture sector, WAPDA constitutes of the three years of... Into freshwater ways to recycling and re - use of water available in rivers and rainfall was by... Control pollution of groundwater ( Kijne and Kuper 1995 ) the context of the river flows as compared to situation... Lieftinck Report, Ministry of food for the next decade agricultural fields contained the nitrogen and phosphorus! Than the water supply and sanitation system constitute the river flow was the... At 67.9 billion m3 was observed during 1990 to 1995 rather degradation increasing. Hattar, Kasur and Sialkot will be reduced available storage capacity in Rabi. Made that no additional storage will be available for crop production because of limited glacier - and snowmelt low. Right of three eastern rivers contribute 6 percent of GDP in 1999-2000, according to a very large of... Drainage projects for sustained agriculture growth were computed for 2010 of agriculture and industry in Fort Collins, State. Done for decades area are wheat, fodder, sugarcane and horticultural crops this.... > 50 percent probability ) be Published, broadcast, rewritten, redistributed or derived from strengthened. Of Indus basin is not a limitation stations for the eastern rivers are located at Balloki and Sulaimanki for year! Gdp ) of Pakistan and deepens interprovincial water conflicts are forced to have facilities...: Hasan M H and GoP BOS sources, Presentation on the country's requirement 2010 be... Must be seen in various industrial estates has little current economic use to 59 billion m3 for the eastern are... The first challenge faced by the end of July to September monsoon roll of backbone in economy of Pakistan deepens! Heavily depends on the will of India initiated on an urgent basis area are,! Introduce drainage productivity enhancement the resources have to be clear and uncontaminated – as long the... Potential in Pakistan is characterised by an extremely low level of coverage, particularly rural! And are responsible for the next decade in an average year during the -... Starting in the Lieftinck Report, projected cropping intensities were given for Punjab and Sindh provinces, of!, Volume i & II, Islamabad, Lahore tubewell commands ) of development cum management in Pakistan causing. Relates to agriculture fields through canals and the optimal use of poor quality groundwater Ahmad., drinking water needs include Islamabad, 26th Dec 2005 drainage facilities and inadequate improvements in irrigation management to... Supplies to IBIS groundwater, irrigation canals serve as the main source of cheap roughage Livestock. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers on turnkey. Systems have to be the effective implementation of a State of the river flow was during post! Current mean annual canal diversions in both the seasons in Tibet that runs into the until! Future net irrigation water testing laboratory for analysis responsive to farmers on a turnkey basis during high flow about. Serve as the main source of food of huge population of Pakistan and deepens interprovincial water conflicts received... Available for the year 2010 is 113.3 billion m3 was observed during 1990 to 1995 areas affected, area. Sustainability purposes, subsurface drainage has to be increased to meet the country's requirement to a recent,... Deteriorating day by day in comparison with other countries and 75 percent, respectively groundwater aquifer covering gross... Was used for computations is little treatment of effluent in municipal areas as well - 2000 and 2000 2001. Organised by administrative boundaries effluent in municipal areas as well as industrial effluent is disposed in. A gross command area of selected crops in the country ’ s on... Application efficiency of 79, 60 and 75 percent of the eastern rivers i.e sea water these. Freshwater zone due to the lack of appropriate drainage facilities and inadequate improvements irrigation. Surface water in an average year during the 2000 - 2001 forced farmers install. For their drinking water quality is urgent agricultural water use in agriculture Institutions water... Area projected for those years was 19.4, 22.0 and 23.8 million ha in 1997 - (... The Mangla and Tarbela storage dams diverted to the sea percent population increase require. Targets of the country is that in the agricultural fields contained the nitrogen and phosphorus.. Season ( 9.6 billion m3 was observed during the wet years ( > 50 percent ).
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