In 2013, an outbreak of coffee leaf rust across Central America precipitated losses of between 11% (Nicaragua) and 70% (El Salvador) of export volumes, and in some regions coffee production has still not recovered – nor have the communities of farmers and farmworkers recovered the economic or social safety nets required to insulate them against price shocks. Danh sách các bài reading IELTS cần dịch. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer document. Coffea Arabica, the species that produces the best coffee, is the most susceptible of the coffee plants to coffee leaf rust. STRUGGLING WITH READING PLUS? Good cultural management, taking into account the density of planting and the climate, is also paramount. The rust organism can be recognized by the presence of yellowish powdery lesions on the undersides of the leaves of the coffee plant. Today, the fungus has spread throughout all the. Photo courtesy of Tim Willems and World Coffee Research. SOCIAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from the article “From Kiva Han to Caribou Coffee” by Alan C. Thorwald in the collection A Social History of Joe (? Insects as carriers can be ruled out, and it is doubtful whether the fungus could have been blown so far. The IELTS Academic Reading: Cambridge Reading Sample; ‘The Story of Coffee’ with answers. NB There are more headings … Scientists and doctors can’t make their minds up about coffee. Change ). masses of orange urediniospores (= uredospores) appear on the undersurfaces (Figure 4 The coffee growers probably hoped at first that the disease would disappear as quickly and unaccountably as it had begun. Fungicide applications are now part of the routine production practices on coffee plantations, despite the expense for small growers. ... Tarot - New Love Tarot reading for newly established relationships. The opening paragraph and closing line both stress the same point which is about the popularity of coffee. “It’s due to climate change.” T he pandemic of coffee rust is like the unfolding pandemic of the coronavirus in so many ways. The rust fungus is dispersed by both wind and rain. Though coffee leaf rust came to widespread public attention during the Latin American/Carribean epidemic of 2012-13, it has long been an enemy of coffee farmers. Unfortunately in the case of the Ceylon plantations, the rust epidemic was too well-established for this protective measure to save the coffee trees. C. This dangerous distraction contributes largely to motor vehicle accidents and the statistics are Increasing daily as we continue to take our eyes off the road to call or even more dangerously text. This empire, however, was swiftly devastated by the arrival of the coffee rust fungus. Under British rule, the island of Ceylon was stripped of its forests to turn over every available acre to coffee production. After reading, use the passage to help you find the answers to aligned questions. The answer to this question can be traced back, unexpectedly, to a humble fungus, The rust fungus is dispersed by both wind and rain. Despite Ward’s warning, when the coffee trees were replaced with tea bushes, they were planted at the same density. “Shade coffee resisted rust more effectively than sun-grown coffee.” “Now is the time to renovate.” — Jacques Avelino, Coffee Rust Pathologist, CIRAD-CATIE “Many people said there was not enough warning. ( Log Out / Unless a truly rust-. The reading passage on The Story of Coffee has 7 paragraphs A – G. From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B – G. Write the appropriate number (i – xi) in boxes 28 – 33 on your answer sheet. Over the next twenty years, coffee production in Asia and Africa was virtually wiped out. By 1879, however, it was clear that it was not going away, and the Ceylon government made an appeal for someone to be sent to help. Thought to have evolved alongside coffee in Ethiopia, leaf rust was first reported in 1861 near Lake Victoria in East Africa, and coffee farmers have been battling it ever since. One study says it’s really bad for us and the next report says it’s good for us. While reading Turkish coffee grounds are one of the most popular forms of coffee reading and is still practiced today in the Middle East, United States, and parts of Europe, is it hard to say where the best coffee reading in the world is. Occasionally green shoots and even the green coffee berries can be infected. How Coffee Leaf Rust Spreads. Credit: Ivan Petrich. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Unfortunately in the case of the Ceylon plantations, the rust epidemic was too well-established for this protective measure to save the coffee trees. Hemileia vastatrix is a fungus of the order Pucciniales (previously also known as Uredinales) that causes coffee leaf rust, a disease that is devastating to susceptible coffee plantations.Coffee serves as the obligate host of coffee rust, that is, the rust must have access to and come into physical contact with coffee (Coffea sp.) Enter your email address to subscribe to this website and receive notifications of new posts by email. Even the people that I would have never expected. was only by good fortune that no similar fungus arrived to invade the tea bushes and that improved fungicides were soon available to protect the crop. 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