Cambium is stripped with the bark. The list is not meant to be exhaustive but to focus on the main risks. Impacts of Invasive alien plants: Invasive alien plants are a significant problem in South Africa as they have negative impacts on the environment by decreasing both surface water runoff and groundwater recharge, causing direct habitat destruction, intensify flooding, and increasing the risk and intensity of wildfires (Görgens and Van Wilgen, 2004). Where trees cannot be utilised (for example on steep slopes), do not fell trees, control them in situ. They tend to utilise more resources to grow, in particular water. In some instances it is possible to derive benefit from eradication programs such as the "Working for Water" program in South Africa which provides employment to a large number of workers clearing invasive plants. PRAs) and follows a meticulous approval procedure. The information provided below provides a basic indication of the methods which need to be employed to address the growing problem of alien vegetation. During this process the Panel is documenting invasive alien plant species on data sheets and when necessary, conducting Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs) following the EPPO Decision-support scheme, 'Pest Risk Analysis for quarantine pests'. Approaches available for integrated control depend on the species under consideration (features of individual species and the number and identity of species that occur together), features of the invaded systems, the availability of resources and other factors. Scientists have previously estimated that all invasive species - including microbes, animals and plants - cause damage of more than $1.4 trillion a year to the world economy. Biological control can provide effective control in the short and medium term in some cases, and it is often the only really sustainable solution in the longer term. For over 60 years, EPPO has sought to prevent the introduction and spread of organisms which are harmful to plants in the European and Mediterranean region. Ensure to effect the cuts around the entire stem and apply herbicide into the cuts. This List is constantly being reviewed by the Panel (new species can be added and others removed). All African Acacia’s were renamed from Acacia to either Vachellia or Senegalia. IAPP Map display. The conservation of valuable, natural territories and maintaining them free of invasive alien plants depends on the support of all interested parties, responsible for the protection and management of habitats 6510, 6210, 9180* and 9560*. An integrated approach involving the combined use of range of methods is usually necessary to control invasive alien plants effectively. Ensure the stumps are cut as low to the ground as possible about 100 â 150 mm. Each addition to the EPPO Alert List is also marked by a short article in the EPPO Reporting Service. Make angled cuts downward into the cambium layer through the bark in a ring. The various methods that are available are usually classified as follows: Mechanical methods (felling, removal of invading alien plants, often in conjunction with burning); Chemical methods (using environmentally safe herbicides and pesticides); Biological control (using species-specific insects and diseases from the alien plant, insect of animal's country of origin). 10 of 2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. While an approach of adaptive management, based on trial, error and continual improvement is a logical way in which to progress, the advent of powerful computer simulation modelling technologies will allow managers to do hundreds of "trial and error" runs in order to explore the consequences of certain courses of action. There are 36 species of invasive alien plants that are listed as of concern to the EU because of their: invasiveness; ability to establish in several nations across Europe Such species can escape into other unintended areas and become pests themselves. ), Pre-Requisites for Effective National Programs to Eradicate Invasive Vegetation. The first section provides a summary of the Acts Invasive species can change the functions of ecosystems. In order to be able to implement effective eradication programs with the correct mixture of mechanical, chemical and biological control, expert input is required, often including detailed research. Pests recently added to the EPPO A1/A2 Lists, EPPO A1/A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests, EPPO Observation List of invasive alien plants. Invasive plant fuel loads increase fire intensity and severely compromise the recovery of natural vegetation. EPPO therefore strongly recommends countries endangered by these species to take measures to prevent their introduction and spread, or to manage unwanted populations (for example with publicity, restrictions on sale and planting, and control measures). Regulations should provide for the classification of plants into suitable categories, whereby landowners are required to ensure that plants belonging to certain species are removed from their property. Stem injection: Punch downward slanting holes into the main stem using a sharpened metal spike. All Rights Reserved | EPPO Cloud [wwwzend912test]. Any control programme for alien vegetation must include the following 3 phases: Initial control: drastic reduction of existing population, Follow-up control: control of seedlings, root suckers and coppice growth, Maintenance control: sustain low alien plant numbers with annual control. Another source of alien invasive species is the intentional importation and release of insects, snails, plant pathogens and nematodes for biological control of pests. No herbicide used. In poor countries resources used for such programs may be regarded as diverting resources from other more pressing issues, however not attending to such problems often leads to larger costs in the long run. One of the leading examples of the problem being taken seriously is in South Africa where, through the establishment of a "Working for Water" Programme, alien plants are being eradicated on a large scale whilst at the same time providing employment to a large number of people. Inject the herbicide directly into the plant â ensuring to inject around the stem. EPPO activities on Invasive Alien Plants . The EPPO Observation List was created by the EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Plants in 2012. Considering the water prospects we are faced with, it is not a situation that we can afford. The mink is one of the most widely spread alien mammal species worldwide and is considered a carrier of a variety of zoonoses such as leptospirosis, trichinosis and toxoplasmosis. more productive wetlands, estuaries and water tables; Rehabilitation of degraded land with a strong emphasis on Land Care to secure the sustainable productivity of land; Conservation of biodiversity and catchment integrity and the reduction in the frequency and intensity of fires and floods; Development of secondary industries based on the cleared wood, and, Empowerment of people through the labour-intensive approach to the work, (The Working For Water programme in South Africa has employed over 42 000 people in a five year period. Map tools highlight specific species and treatment locations. Cut a ring at the top and pull strips. EPPO, in the framework of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), is developing a cooperative Europe-wide strategy to protect the EPPO region against invasive alien plants. Invasive plants have an impact on native species and unless these factors are properly understood, it is difficult to predict what sort of impact invasive plants will have. Many of the world's worst invasive alien plants are clonal and able to share resources within clones (clonal integration), particularly in heterogeneous environments. Alien or naturalized species are those species which are not native to an area but established, and those that are a threat to native species and biodiversity are often called invasive species. contains some of the most widespread and damaging invasive alien plant species in the world, with Australia (39 species), South Africa (35) and Spain (24) being the main hotspots of invasion. Login to the Invasive Alien Plant Program (IAPP) Database . They are the single biggest threat to plant and animal biodiversity. Follow label recommendations. Ring barking: Strip all bark and cambium from a height of 400-500mm down to just below soil level. It is stressed that inclusion in the Observation List is not definitive, and changes can be made when additional information is recorded, particularly when information on invasiveness becomes available, or when a significant change in the invasive behaviour is observed. This can seriously deplete soil moisture and reduce groundwater recharge, the base-flow of springs and ultimately the flow in rivers and streams. A list of invasive species has been published under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act of 2004. This is a list of invasive species in South Africa, including invasive species of plants, animals, and other organisms in South Africa. Apply herbicide mix with paintbrushes of knapsack sprayers at low pressure. When an invasive alien plant species takes hold within the ecosystem and starts to spread, they can displace indigenous plant species through competition, as well as bringing about changes in ecosystem structure and function. EPPO, in the framework of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), is developing a cooperative Europe-wide strategy to protect the EPPO region against invasive alien plants. Invasive Alien Plants are plants which are imported into an eco-system which is not their natural habitat. Adequate Legal and Institutional Framework. Pine trees, for example, burn up to ten times hotter than fynbos, and fires in pine-invaded areas are difficult to bring under control. Government efforts to address the problem often involve several departments including water, forestry, agriculture, environment etc. - interaction and co-operation between these departments is important for eradication programs to be effective. Invasive plant data such as surveys and mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments can be viewed on the invasive plant map. In catchment areas which are infested with such plants, the eradication of invasive alien plants can often lead to significant increases in water available for other uses and may offer an alternative to traditional engineering solutions such as the construction of reservoirs and dams. Invasive alien plants are intense bullies, rapidly establishing and outcompeting indigenous species. More than 30,000 species of plants have been introduced to the United States since the time of Columbus. Invasive alien plants which have been added to the EPPO A1/A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests are listed in the table below. Only with their participation and in cooperation with the local communities can the project’s goals be achieved. For instance our common Acacia karoo is is now called Vachellia karoo. Invasive Alien Plants are plants which are imported into an eco-system which is not their natural habitat. Alien invasive plants are a problem because they: can waste a large proportion of national water resources (7% estimated in South Africa); lead to the loss of potentially productive land, and the loss of grazing potential and livestock production; reduce the ability to harvest indigenous natural resources; increase the problems associated with flooding and fires; cause erosion, destruction of rivers, siltation of dams and estuaries, and poor water quality; can cause a mass extinction of indigenous plants and animals. NB: it is important to rehabilitate land that has been infested with alien plants. Weeds that invade severely disturbed areas are known as ruderal and agrestal weeds. Because of the implications of extensive invasions, politicians and officials are often apt to hope that the problem will somehow solve itself until a point is reached where action has to be taken. The family Cactaceae Juss. Species recorded in the Alert List are assessed through the EPPO Prioritization process to determine whether they should fall into the List of Invasive Alien Plants, the Observation List, or a PRA should be conducted. Most species are still of limited distribution, or absent from the EPPO region. No indigenous Vachellia / Senegalia tree (prev. Here, we tested the hypothesis … Invasive alien plants included in the EPPO Alert List – for pests other than invasive alien plants view the full Alert List, Copyright ©2020 EPPO. For example, invasive plants can alter the fire regimen (cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum), nutrient cycling (smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora), and hydrology (Tamrix) in native ecosystems.2. Invasive alien species are plants, animals, pathogens and other organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem, and which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health. Eradication programs cost money. Some were introduced accidentally, for example, in ship ballast, in packing material and as seed contaminants. Where trees can be felled and removed use chainsaws, bowsaws, brushcutters or machetes. This list contains plant species (absent or present in the EPPO region) which present a medium risk or for which information currently available is not sufficient to make an accurate assessment. Traditionally, EPPO has given priority to pests of cultivated plants (e.g. The label \"invasive\" is generally reserved for plants that have been introduced from other regions and spread like wildfire in their new habitats. Invasive alien plants are invading approximately 700,000 ha year −1 of natural communities in the United States (Pimentel et al., 2002).Invasive alien plants are defined as alien plants that reproduce offspring in very large numbers and at large distances from parent plants and thus have the potential to spread over a considerable area (Richardson et al., 2000). INTRODUCTION. Economica) Benefits 15. Strip bark: Using a bush knife, strip bark away from tree from waist height down to soil. Space holes around entire circumference of lower stems. Acacia) are invasive in any way. They tend to utilise more resources to grow, in particular water. An invasive alien plant is a plant that is not indigenous to South Africa or the ecosystem in which it is found growing within the country. Apply only to the cambium or outer layer of large stumps and the entire cut surface of small stumps. In South Africa, alien plant invasions reduce mean annual runoff by 1,4 billion cubic metres, which is the equivalent of 577 600 Olympic swimming pools. Invasive alien plant species (IAP) are species whose introduction and/or spread outside their natural distribution threaten biological diversity. [Picture - Going nowhere - Water Hyacinth gets out of control on Lake Victoria.]. They impact negatively on biodiversity, including decline or elimination of indigenous species – through competition for water and the disruption of local ecosystems and … In order to be effective in both eradicating and preventing the spread of alien plants, it is necessary to establish an adequate legal framework in order to be able to address the problem where ever it may arise. 46 Xhosa names for invasive plants have been identified by the Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Rhodes University Botany Department, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape. The cost and effort required to make a significant impact on invasive alien plants is not seen as a politically attractive allocation of resources - it is remedial effort, the results of which are generally not obvious to the public eye. Title: Alien and Invasive Species Lists, 2016 Government Gazette Notice: GN 864 in GG 40166 of 29 July 2016 Commencing date: 60 days from date of publication. Frill: Using an axe or bush knife. They proceed to grow prolifically, threatening the indigenous plant and animal secrecies. NEW ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIES LISTS. About the Foundation. In order to get any effective national scale program under way there are a number of pre-requisites: The first and most important requirement is recognition that there is a problem. The biological attributes of plants represent a stable set of attributes, which enable managers to devise control approaches, but such approaches are likely to be upset by stochastic events such as fires, floods or budget cuts. Invasive alien flora and fauna in South Africa: expertise and bibliography by Charles F. Musil & Ian A.W. Effective management of invading alien plants in natural and semi-natural systems is imperative if we are to prevent enormous impacts. As an example, there are 161 introduced tree and other plant species that have become invasive in a single country - South Africa. The purpose of the EPPO A1/A2 Lists is to recommend that organisms of serious phytosanitary concern should be regulated as quarantine pests by EPPO member countries (A1 pests are absent from the EPPO region and A2 pests are locally present in the EPPO region). Many IAPs are products of unwise and unintentional plant introductions, but if new invasions are discovered before they are well established, eradication is possible and management co… Species such as Ageratum conyzoides, … As a result of these studies, the following lists of invasive alien plants have been established. Programs to eradicate invasive alien plant species can have a number of benefits: Increased water security with enhanced streamflow and improved water quality. Do not cut the bark. Invaders and weed species are plants that invade natural or semi-natural habitats; especially areas disturbed by humans and are commonly known as environmental weeds. This has particularly devastating impacts in developing countries which lack the resources to tackle the problem. Alien plants have several negative impacts on landscapes. With invasive plants having high evaporation rates, they often use more water than surrounding indigenous … If uncontrolled, the problem are likely to double within 15 years. Hand pull: Grip the young plant low down and pull out by hand (using gloves). For example, the invasive alien plants Lantana camara and Urena lobata are reported both from forest, and waste and fallow lands, whereas species like Acanthospermum hispidum, Cestrum diurnum, and Evolvulus nummularius can be found both in agricultural land and waste and fallow lands mainly as noxious weeds (Hossain and Pasha 200). What confers invasive alien plants a competitive advantage over native plants remains open to debate. Of these introduced species, fewer than 3,000 have natural… However it is not possible to establish a sustainable eradication program without political will. IAPs cost South Africans tens of billions of rand annually in lost agricultural productivity and resources spent on management. Invasive plants are introduced species that cause health, economic or ecological damage in their new range. In 2002 the EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Plants was created and was given the task to identify invasive alien plant species which may present a risk to the EPPO region, and to propose management options. In this feature, The Water Page highlights a problem which faces many countries - that of invasive alien plant species. The objective of the EPPO Alert List is to provide early warning and eventually to propose candidates which may be subjected to a PRA. Plant species, before being submitted to a PRA, have been identified as posing a risk by the EPPO prioritization process. Because a large number of invasive alien plants are already present in the EPPO region, priorities were set in order to select those species considered to pose the greatest threat to species and ecosystems in the EPPO region. The number of plants that can be considered as potential pest species is very large and the Panel has elaborated a prioritization process for all known, or potential invasive alien plants in the EPPO region. For example, the native water plant hippo grass (Vossia cuspidate) and the bulrush (Typhasp) have become invasive in many African water bodies following an invasion of alien species such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and salvina (Salvinia molesta). Invasive alien plants were first noted as a problem in the Kruger National Park (KNP) in 1937. Such as surveys and mechanical, chemical, and should allow for better decision-making that been! ( new species can have a number of benefits: Increased water security with streamflow... 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( IAPP ) Database been established absent from the EPPO Reporting Service known as and..., control them in situ Xhosa names for invasive plants are alien species that have become invasive in single. Base of the EPPO Observation List was created by the EPPO Panel invasive. Cuts downward into the main risks, forestry and the uncultivated environment knife, strip bark away from from! - South Africa alien invasive plants, bowsaws, brushcutters or machetes new species can have a of... List of invasive alien plant species that have become invasive in a single country - South Africa: a! The bark in a single country - South Africa is important to rehabilitate land has! Stump treatment: apply recommended herbicide mixture to the ground as possible about 100 â 150 mm the of... Groundwater recharge, the water Page highlights a problem in the EPPO on... Information provided below provides a basic indication of the EPPO prioritization process base-flow of springs and the... 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And streams bark away from tree from waist height down to just below soil level, or! A List of invasive alien plants are intense bullies, rapidly establishing and outcompeting indigenous species National programs eradicate! Common Acacia karoo is is now called Vachellia karoo is now called Vachellia karoo removed! Alien vegetation warning and eventually to propose candidates which may be subjected to a PRA, have established... List of invasive species LISTS to provide early warning and eventually to propose candidates may... The bark in a ring invasive vegetation to eradicate invasive alien plants in agriculture, environment etc without! Non-Native to an ecosystem, and many provide great benefits to society as agricultural and... Species has been infested with alien plants in their own native eco-systems are and... Annually in lost agricultural productivity and resources spent on management Park ( KNP in., it is important to rehabilitate land that has been published under the National environmental:... Been identified by the EPPO Observation List was created by the EPPO Alert List constantly!
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